Velázquez

In 1650 Velázquez was in Rome, where he depicted members of the papal court with a new freedom of approach, while the following year saw his keenly awaited return to Spain, where he returned to the conventions of the court portrait. From that point onwards and until his death in 1660, Velázquez devoted most of his efforts to satisfying a growing demand for portraits of the Spanish royal family. These images were used for both family and diplomatic purposes, given that Philip IV’s children with his last wife, Mariana of Austria, were essential elements in the strategic creation of political alliances across Europe.

These last ten years of Velázquez’s career constitute a period with a marked and distinctive personality. His sitters were now primarily women and children rather than men, a difference that was accompanied by changes in the density of the pigment, the pictorial handwriting and the colour range, which became wider and richer. In terms of artistic achievement and social advancement, this decade marks the peak of Velázquez's career, with Las Meninas as his great masterpiece.

After the artist's death, his activities as court painter were continued by Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo and Juan Carreno de Miranda. Like Velázquez, both focused on colour while also offering a reconsidered interpretation of the royal image based on his last portraits and in particular on his inclusion in those images of interiors in the royal palace.